road cycling races are contests held on paved roads, marked by sheer speed, tactical mastery, mental strength, and fierce character. They feature grueling mountain climbs and rapid descents.

This sport, which boasts a massive fan base, is divided into several types: classic one-day races, criteriums, stage races, and Grand Tours.
Olympic disciplines include the road race and the individual time trial. Non-Olympic events include the team time trial, stage races, hill climbs, criteriums, and two-man time trials.

Road cycling encompasses a wide range of disciplines tailored to different riding styles and training methods—from circuit races suited for powerful, aggressive riders to long stage races demanding endurance and consistency.

track cycling is one of the most dynamic and thrilling disciplines in the world of sports, held on specially designed oval-shaped velodromes with banked tracks. This type of cycling differs from other disciplines through its unique techniques and strategies. Track bikes are built with stiffer, lighter frames and special pedals with a toothed profile to ensure maximum power transfer directly to the front wheel.

There are various types of track cycling events, each with its own distinctive characteristics. Some of the most popular include:

• Sprint – short-distance races focused on high-speed riding on flat sections of the track;
• Endurance – long-distance races emphasizing team tactics and pacing strategies;
• Keirin – riders draft behind each other to build up speed before a final sprint;
• Madison – a team relay race where riders hand off to one another during the race;
• Omnium – a multi-event competition combining several different race formats.

Modern mountain biking includes 12 disciplines. Below are some of them:

• All-mountain – riding down slopes on a versatile bike designed for various types of terrain;
• Uphill – one of the most challenging types, involving climbs up steep mountain slopes;
• Downhill – a high-speed descent from a mountain using a heavy bike weighing 20 kg or more;
• Cross-country – long-distance rides over rough terrain with complex routes;
• Dual slalom – a race between two riders, each descending a slope while overcoming obstacles;
• Slopestyle – the most spectacular discipline, combining elements of trials, dirt jumping, and north shore. In this category, performance is judged based on style and technique rather than speed.

Shooting (rifle and pistol events) is a precision sport in which athletes compete in marksmanship using various types of firearms, including air guns, small-caliber, and large-caliber rifles and pistols, targeting both stationary and moving targets.

Rifle shooting is performed from three main positions: standing, kneeling, and prone. Athletes primarily use single-shot rifles. The distance to the target ranges from 10 to 300 meters, depending on the discipline.

Pistol shooting is conducted exclusively from a standing position, with the pistol held in one hand. Large-caliber revolvers (ranging from 7.62 to 9.65 mm) may be used in certain events.

Moving target shooting involves firing a single-shot rifle at targets that move horizontally across a special window. Athletes shoot only from a standing position and only when the target is visible within the window.

Shooting (rifle and pistol events) is a precision sport in which athletes compete in marksmanship using various types of firearms, including air guns, small-caliber, and large-caliber rifles and pistols, targeting both stationary and moving targets.

Rifle shooting is performed from three main positions: standing, kneeling, and prone. Athletes primarily use single-shot rifles. The distance to the target ranges from 10 to 300 meters, depending on the discipline.

Pistol shooting is conducted exclusively from a standing position, with the pistol held in one hand. Large-caliber revolvers (ranging from 7.62 to 9.65 mm) may be used in certain events.

Moving target shooting involves firing a single-shot rifle at targets that move horizontally across a special window. Athletes shoot only from a standing position and only when the target is visible within the window.

Shooting (rifle and pistol events) is a precision sport in which athletes compete in marksmanship using various types of firearms, including air guns, small-caliber, and large-caliber rifles and pistols, targeting both stationary and moving targets.

Rifle shooting is performed from three main positions: standing, kneeling, and prone. Athletes primarily use single-shot rifles. The distance to the target ranges from 10 to 300 meters, depending on the discipline.

Pistol shooting is conducted exclusively from a standing position, with the pistol held in one hand. Large-caliber revolvers (ranging from 7.62 to 9.65 mm) may be used in certain events.

Moving target shooting involves firing a single-shot rifle at targets that move horizontally across a special window. Athletes shoot only from a standing position and only when the target is visible within the window.

There are several types of trap shooting, each with its own characteristics, rules, and target types. Below is a list of the most popular variants:

• Skeet – This type of trap shooting includes two stands: a high one and a low one. The targets, shaped like discs, fly along pre-determined trajectories. The shooter must hit the target more accurately and quickly.
• Sporting Clays – One of the most diverse types of trap shooting. Targets can vary in shape, size, and trajectory, and each course in sporting clays is unique.
• Trap – Targets fly along a single line from various angles. The shooter fires from different positions, called "trap positions."
• Skeet Shooting – A more dynamic and intense version of skeet shooting, involving faster-moving targets and more rapid shooting.
• Olympic Trap – Included in the Olympic Games program, this type of shooting involves firing from positions arranged in a semi-circle. The targets fly at various angles and distances.
• American Trap – A more complex and dynamic version of trap shooting. Targets fly at different distances and angles, simulating the movement of live game.
• Gold Race – One of the more technically demanding disciplines, targets are shaped like circles, and the shooter must hit them from various angles and distances.

In this sport, athletes compete in precision archery, where the winner is the individual or team that scores the most points according to the competition rules.

Archery in sports varies based on the type of bow used and the format of the competition. Most events feature archers using different types of bows, while athletes using the same type of bow compete in specific categories. The main types of competition bows are:

• Traditional bow – A wooden longbow, based on the design of the English bow.
• Olympic bow with a stabilizer – Similar to the traditional bow but made with modern materials such as duralumin for the handle, plastic for the limbs, carbon or aluminum for the arrows, and steel for the tips.
• Compound bow – A modern bow design, which has no historical analogs, featuring a system of pulleys to assist with drawing the string.

In the Olympic Games, archers in both individual and team competitions use only the Olympic bow.

At the Olympic Games, rowing competitions are held in boats with crews of one, two, four, or eight athletes. The race distance is 2000 meters, and lanes are marked with buoys placed every 10 to 12.5 meters. The depth along the entire course must be at least three meters.

Rowing is divided into two disciplines: sculling and sweep rowing. In sculling, each rower uses two oars, while in sweep rowing, each athlete holds one oar with both hands and rows on one side of the boat.

In the eight-person crew, there is also a coxswain, who coordinates the team's efforts and steers the boat. If there is no coxswain, one of the rowers is responsible for steering.

сanoe slalom is one of the most spectacular and technically demanding sports featured in the Summer Olympic Games. The objective is to navigate a whitewater course at high speed, passing through a series of gates set up in turbulent water.

An athlete who has mastered the art of paddling performs precisely calculated strokes, with every tilt of the boat and body angle measured to perfection, carving an intricate path through the rushing current at breathtaking speed.

In canoe slalom, the course length ranges from 250 to 400 meters, with water flowing at a minimum speed of 2 meters per second. The number of gates on the course varies from 18 to 25. When paddling in a kayak, the athlete uses a double-bladed paddle and sits on a small seat inside the boat. In a canoe, the athlete kneels on one knee using special supports and paddles with a single-bladed paddle.

Canoe sprint uses two types of boats: canoes, which can be paddled by one or two athletes, and kayaks, which may have one, two, or four paddlers.

This is a cyclical sport that requires a high level of movement coordination. The paddling tempo is defined by the number of strokes performed per unit of time. The stroke amplitude refers to the trajectory of the paddle blade’s movement through the water—from the moment it enters until it is fully lifted out. The boat’s speed depends not only on stroke rate but also on stroke force and amplitude.

Competitions take place on flat water—both artificial and natural bodies of water—and only a single-bladed paddle is used.

A distinctive feature of this discipline is the absence of a coxswain and the lack of a fixed connection between the paddle and the boat—the paddle is not attached to the vessel. This gives the paddler greater freedom in maneuvering and controlling the boat.

Triathlon is a sport that consists of three disciplines: swimming, cycling, and road running, the combination of which makes the race both exciting and challenging.

The birthdate of triathlon is considered to be September 25, 1974, when the first triathlon of Mission Bay took place, featuring 46 athletes.

The most famous triathlete in the world is Jan Frodeno, a German athlete who holds two prestigious titles: the 2008 Olympic Champion and the World Ironman Champion for the years 2015, 2016, and 2019.

Triathlon offers a wide variety of distances—around 20 different options. The most popular ones are:

• Ironman – Often referred to as "the toughest" race in the world, it includes a 3.8 km swim, a 180 km road bike race, and a 42.2 km marathon, with a total time limit of 16 hours.
• Half-Ironman – A more accessible race with a 1.9 km swim, 90 km cycling, and a 21.1 km half marathon. It has the highest number of participants.
• Olympic, international, or standard distance – This format consists of a 1500 m swim, 40 km cycling, and a 10 km run.
• Sprint – Half the Olympic distance, with a 0.75 km swim, 20 km bike, and 5 km run.
• Ultratriathlon – A multi-fold increased version of the classic distance, ranging from 2 to 10 or even 20 times the standard triathlon distances.

Triathlon is a sport that consists of three disciplines: swimming, cycling, and road running, the combination of which makes the race both exciting and challenging.

The most famous triathlete in the world is Jan Frodeno, a German athlete who holds two prestigious titles: the 2008 Olympic Champion and the World Ironman Champion for the years 2015, 2016, and 2019.

Triathlon offers a wide variety of distances—around 20 different options. The most popular ones are:

• Ironman – Often referred to as "the toughest" race in the world, it includes a 3.8 km swim, a 180 km road bike race, and a 42.2 km marathon, with a total time limit of 16 hours.
• Half-Ironman – A more accessible race with a 1.9 km swim, 90 km cycling, and a 21.1 km half marathon. It has the highest number of participants.
• Olympic, international, or standard distance – This format consists of a 1500 m swim, 40 km cycling, and a 10 km run.
• Sprint – Half the Olympic distance, with a 0.75 km swim, 20 km bike, and 5 km run.
• Ultratriathlon – A multi-fold increased version of the classic distance, ranging from 2 to 10 or even 20 times the standard triathlon distances.

Triathlon is a sport that consists of three disciplines: swimming, cycling, and road running, the combination of which makes the race both exciting and challenging.

The most famous triathlete in the world is Jan Frodeno, a German athlete who holds two prestigious titles: the 2008 Olympic Champion and the World Ironman Champion for the years 2015, 2016, and 2019.

Triathlon offers a wide variety of distances—around 20 different options. The most popular ones are:

• Ironman – Often referred to as "the toughest" race in the world, it includes a 3.8 km swim, a 180 km road bike race, and a 42.2 km marathon, with a total time limit of 16 hours.
• Half-Ironman – A more accessible race with a 1.9 km swim, 90 km cycling, and a 21.1 km half marathon. It has the highest number of participants.
• Olympic, international, or standard distance – This format consists of a 1500 m swim, 40 km cycling, and a 10 km run.
• Sprint – Half the Olympic distance, with a 0.75 km swim, 20 km bike, and 5 km run.
• Ultratriathlon – A multi-fold increased version of the classic distance, ranging from 2 to 10 or even 20 times the standard triathlon distances.

Athletics is considered the birthplace of the Olympic Games, with 47 events (24 for men and 23 for women) included in the Olympic program.

Pole vault is one of the most complex disciplines in athletics. It combines movements typical of both running and jumping, with additional challenges such as carrying the pole and performing gymnastic and acrobatic tricks at great heights using a moving, flexible support.

The world record in the javelin throw was set by athlete Uwe Hohn in 1984, when he threw the javelin 104.80 meters, just a few meters shy of the field's edge. Shortly after changes were made to the javelin's design, the record count was reset. Hohn's achievement is unlikely to be surpassed, as the maximum distance thrown with the new javelin model reached no more than 100 meters in 2022.

The cyclic events in athletics include race walking, sprints, and middle and long-distance running. The technical events encompass throws, and vertical and horizontal jumps.